The report evaluates how different bus fare subsidy models impact women’s mobility and economic agency across ten Indian cities. It examines full subsidies in locations like Delhi and Bangalore alongside partial and no-subsidy models. 

 

Findings indicate that full fare waivers offer significant financial relief and enable users to save up to fifty percent of monthly transport costs. These savings are typically redirected toward essential household investments such as children’s education and healthcare. However, the study reveals that financial incentives alone are insufficient. 

 

Increased ridership often leads to overcrowding and operational strain, which can compromise service quality and safety. While partial subsidies result in more manageable crowding, they often do not cover daily short-distance commuting needs.

 

Ultimately, the research calls for a comprehensive policy framework that integrates infrastructure upgrades, safety measures, and staff training to ensure inclusive mobility.